Managing a Creative Culture Essay -- essays research papers

Managing a Creative Culture: Do â€Å"Creatives† Fit into the Traditional Management System? The ability to reach the creative individual cannot be achieved through the traditional management organization. Creative people don't fit in very well in a hierarchical organization with traditional management techniques. To manage creatives, a new model must be developed. Organizations must take heed to the needs of creatives or be subject to losing these valuable resources. Summary Resources, freedom and challenge are the management keys necessary to develop and maintain a creative environment. These keys, along with encouraging and supporting â€Å"creatives,† will foster the growth and development of an organization’s employees, management and ultimately it’s culture. Many organizations have tremendous success in recognizing and cultivating the creative talent of its employees. Whether this talent is already in effect or brought out, managers must take the best approach to ensure a positive, creative impact on the organization. Organizations that do not change with the times will soon find themselves behind or more seriously—non-existent. Different things motivate them and money is no longer the top motivator for creatives. Looking at creatives from another view, this group, also referred to as the creative class, represents a powerful economic force. Not economic force in terms of ownership of property or the means of production but their creative capacity which is an intangible because it is literally in their heads. So what will draw the creative to a particular organization? Creative expression and the chance to present new ideas and deliver results in different ways is the top motivation, but does traditional management provide this opportunity? This paper will present a correlation between organizational management, culture, creative types and how understanding and fostering their integration produces successful organizations. Introduction Managing creatives is counter-intuitive. It goes against almost everything we are taught about managing a business. That's why managers rarely do a good job at managing these kinds of workers. Managing creative people is counter-intuitive for two reasons--the nature of the work is different and the nature of the worker is different. Creative people don't fit in very well in a hierarchical organization with traditional man... ...ir work to inspire them. They want to feel good about who they are through the work they do. When that happens, creativity flourishes. An organization must look within its employees and understand what they are passionate about. It is then that they will build systems to successfully nurture creatives. References Amabile, T. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 77-87 Beir, J. (1995). Managing Creatives, Vital Speeches of the Day, 61(16) Cummings, L. (1965). Organizational climates for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 220-227 DeSalvo, T. (1999, June). Unleash the creativity in your organization. HR Magazine, 154-164. Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. New York: Basic Books. Myers, R. & Ray, M. (1986). Creativity in business. New Jersey: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Robinson, A. & Stern, S. (1997). Corporate creativity: How innovation and improvement actually happen. California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. Smethurst, S. & Glover, C. (2003, March). Creative License. People Management, 30-34 Tan, G. (1998). Managing creativity in organizations: A total system approach. Managing Creativity in Organizations, 7(1): 23-31

Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Essay

Transmission of Pain Signals by the Brain at the Spinal Level Pain has been defined by Coates & Hindle as an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience which signals a potential or actual damage to tissues (2011, p. 213). Pain is a common human experience and can emanate from injury and illness. There are two main types of pain; acute pain is short-lived, lasting for minutes or several days and its onset often takes place rapidly. It results from the activation of pain nerve endings or nociceptors either by internal or external pain stimuli. On the other hand chronic pain is continuous and sometimes recurrent and can last for weeks, months or even years. Chronic pain is usually not located at or related to the tissue undergoing trauma (Draper & Knight, 2007, p. 104). Various theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the transmission and perception of pain. These include the specificity theory which maintains that specific fibers and pain receptors are activated by injury after which the pain signals are projected via the spinal pathway to an area in the brain that interprets the pain. In this regard, the specificity theory virtually equates the peripheral injury with the psychological experience caused by the pain (Anderson, 2004, p. 355). However, this theory has been found to harbor several limitations as research about pain has intensified with time. In light of this, the gate theory that was proposed by Melzack and Wall has had a major contribution to the understanding of pain transmission and perception (Pain Game Part 2, 2011). Research has demonstrated that pain is affected by psychological and physiological factors which helps to explain the mechanism underlying inhibition and/or facilitaion of pai... ...t has been noted that the gate control theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 formed the foundation of understanding the process of pain signal transmission. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the region of the CNS that controls the passage of pain signals by means of opening and/or closing the gate. Pain can only be perceived if reaches the brain. Events that cause excitation such pain signals and the release of excitatory or facilitatory chemicals cause the gate to open whereas inhibitory events such as competing nerve impulses caused by rubbing trigger closure of the gate. The gate can also be closed due to descending inhibition enhanced by relaxation or the use of pain-relieving medication such as morphine. The brain stem is responsible for controlling the transmission of pain signals via the ascending and descending pain pathways.

Project Metrics

â€Å"Metrics† is a term used to describe the measurement of a particular phenomenon. Project metrics therefore refers to the key indicators of what exactly has been done or achieved in a certain project. The objective of this is to be able to improve on the processes involved in the project performance. Project metrics thus is a system set in place to evaluate the project process employed in the attainment of results with an aim of improving such processes. They usually involve collecting and availing information regarding the status of the project.It is thus an important factor in project risk management as a review tool. One example of these metrics is the cost. Right before initiating a project, its financial aspect is normally catered for using budgetary control tools. Indeed, the economic viability of a project is a priority regardless of the final results expected of such a project. In this respect therefore, there are certain operations that should be conducted in the process of the project to monitor the cost element.The actual budget will thus be reviewed in light of the original budget. This yields certain variances whose magnitude can thus be reviewed to improve on the process. Quality is another key aspect in a project that would form the basis of metrics. Quality control is thus established to be able to measure the output of a particular process in light of a set standard. Defects in the system are identified and when adequately documented, these provide good grounds for review of the project process with an aim of improvement of the same.This is because in a business environment, quality compromise yields an adverse effect that translates to loss of economic gain which would otherwise be secured with the right standards of quality. In summary it can be said that in project management, the role of project metrics is extremely important and cannot be ignored. They constantly provide information, which when analyzed by the management is usef ul for decision making and the success of projects.

Gender issues in America today Essay

Women of the whole world face problems on their way to have equal rights with men. These problems differ and depend on the laws of the country they live in. By the last 40 years in the US, thanks to the activity of women’s rights movement, women succeed in the struggle for equal rights, but till the complete equality with men in the aspects of professional practice, salary and policy, there are far more left to gain. American women who want to raise their children in the world with more equality try to change the situation and find some people who have the same position on the issue among representatives of different political parties and members of nongovernmental organizations. When in 1960 drugs which help to control the birthrate came into existence it became possible for women to choose their own life journey. Marriage, children and housekeeping stopped to be the only opportunity. Harmless and more trusting contraception provided women with possibility to appreciate the alternative to all their traditional roles in society. At the same time in the 60s the movement for civil rights, demanding to put an end to racial discrimination and the act about civil rights of the year 1964 undermined the gender discrimination too. This is why the verdure of women’s movement in 70s was not just a case of fortune. Representatives of women’s movement were demanding equal professional opportunities and law defense for all American women. As a result in 60s – 80s the Congress constituted several laws oriented to protect women’s rights. Among them injunction of the Supreme Court of 1965 which opened for women the access to professions earlier considered as men’s ones, the injunction of the Supreme Court of 1971 which forbid the employers to deny women with preschool children, and a law published in 1970 which prohibit gender discrimination in all educational programs financed by government. By the end of 70s among labor force were more women than ever before in peace history (during the Second World War a lot of women went to work, when their men were on battlefields but after 1945 they returned to household chores). But as women were making progress in the career their possibilities were gradually restricted. A term â€Å"glass ceiling† describe the invisible barrier which faces a lot of women on their carrier ladder whilst their men-colleagues with the same professional skills and experience avoid all these problems. In the 80s in the US were accepted several laws oriented to ease the affect of â€Å"glass ceiling† so, for example, in 1984 the injunction of the Supreme Court prohibited to oppose to women’s joining clubs. Earlier these clubs gave to men the capacity of intercommunication for the purpose of further career development. In the same year the Supreme Court resolved that legal services have no right to restrain the career development of their employees in virtue of gender. However the problem of â€Å"glass ceiling† is still exist in the US. In 2002 two members of the House of Representatives – a man and a woman – submitted a report on the problem. The report dwells upon the fact that still too few women occupy administrative positions almost in all spheres. In the report it was also mentioned that the wage gap now is 80 cent earned by woman for every dollar earned by man. â€Å"The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of women’s earnings relative to men’s. It is also used to compare the earnings of other races and ethnicities to those of white males, a group generally not subject to race- or sex-based discrimination. The wage gap is expressed as a percentage (e. g. , in 2005, women earned 77% as much as men) and is calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for women by the median annual earnings for men. The Equal Pay Act was signed in 1963, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. At the time of the EPA’s passage, women earned just 58 cents for every dollar earned by men. By 2005, that rate had only increased to 77 cents, an improvement of less than half a penny a year. Minority women fare the worst. African-American women earn just 69 cents to every dollar earned by white men, and for Hispanic women that figure drops to merely 59 cents per dollar. The wage gap between women and men cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2005 female physicians and surgeons earned 60. 9% of the median weekly wages of male physicians, and women in sales occupations earned just 63. 4% of men’s wages in equivalent positions. If working women earned the same as men (those who work the same number of hours; have the same education, age, and union status; and live in the same region of the country), their annual family incomes would rise by $4,000 and poverty rates would be cut in half. † It is also interesting to follow up how the wage gap was changing through years : â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent 1 1951 63. 9 20 1970 59. 4 38 1988 66. 0 2 1952 63. 9 21 1971 59. 5 39 1989 68. 7 3 1953 63. 9 22 1972 57. 9 40 1990 71. 6 4 1954 63. 9 23 1973 56. 6 41 1991 69. 9 5 1955 63. 9 24 1974 58. 8 42 1992 70. 8 6 1956 63. 3 25 1975 58. 8 43 1993 71. 5 7 1957 63. 8 26 1976 60. 2 44 1994 72. 0 8 1958 63. 0 27 1977 58. 9 45 1995 71. 4% 9 1959 61. 3 28 1978 59. 4 46 1996 73. 8 10 1960 60. 7 29 1979 59. 7 47 1997 74. 2 11 1961 59. 2 30 1980 60. 2 48 1998 73. 2 12 1962 59. 3 31 1981 59. 2 49 1999 72. 2 13 1963 58. 9 32 1982 61. 7 50 2000 73. 3 14 1964 59. 1 33 1983 63. 6 51 2001 76. 3 15 1965 59. 9 34 1984 63. 7 52 2002 76. 6 16 1966 57. 6 35 1985 64. 6 53 2003 75. 5 17 1967 57. 8 36 1986 64. 3 54 2004 76. 6 18 1968 58. 2 37 1987 65. 2 55 2005 77. 0 19 1969 58. 9 Here we may see how year after year American women were fighting and wining cent by cent nowadays amount of their salary. There are also periods when they were losing positions but on the whole we see gradual percentage growing from 63. 9% in 1951 to 77 in 2005 and the struggle continues. What do women do now? First of all more and more women enter colleges and universities and work within the chosen profession. Women have the opportunity to act participating in operations of nongovernmental organizations as Fund of businesswomen and women-professionals, American association of businesswomen, American association of women with university education, National association of working women ect. Activity of women from nongovernmental organizations is diverse. Some of them collect money for promotion of more women in government. Others like members of American association of businesswomen offer to create unions for experience exchange and improving of professional skills for women who dream about successful career. Many of these organizations try to influence the US government in order to pass laws oriented to support the campaign against women’s discrimination. Some of them like National women’s organization conduct national protest actions drawing attention to the most vexed women’s problems. More and more men and women get involved in movement for gender equality, send e-mails to the members of Congress or contribute money to nongovernmental organizations, because they want their daughters to have more opportunities of choice. Women in national policy. Quantity of women represented in national policy grows but that is still not equality. In the year 2004, for example, women occupied 14 out of 100 seats in the US Senate, 59 out of 425 seats in the House of Representatives (the number of women in legislative body of the US is more than 22. 4%), 2 out of 9 seats in Supreme Court, 3 out of 15 seats in the Presidential Executive Office but there was no woman in the Cabinet. The example of nongovernmental organization working in order to increase the number of women in the US government is the Emily’s List, famous for having collect money for election to the US Senate of 6 women – which is still remains a record. Women also write letters to the elected representatives, expressing their opinion on topical issues, aggressively intervene in local centers of republican and democrat supporters all over the country, assist to many nongovernmental women’s organizations and take part in mass political actions. One of the mass action, oriented to gain gender equality is the program â€Å"Take Our Daughters to Work†. It was started about 10 years ago in order to show to the next generation of American women the importance of education, professional women’s abilities and to organize forum for girls. Companies permitted to the employees to bring their daughters to work at one day so that they could see the professional life of the parents. Now this day received a name â€Å"Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day†. Women’s rights movement which was so active in 60s and 70s provided millions of American women with the access to education, opportunity of career development, economical independence and strengthened their influence in political sphere. Nowadays US women are able to achieve much more and have more opportunities to choose than 40 years ago. Major part of American women feels their responsibility to create equal society for their children. To have equal rights for American women doesn’t mean to be less feminine or less caring for their children. This is something much deeper and more global, that means they should be treated as humans whose ideas are to be taken seriously, who have the opportunity to show their power and who are respected.

ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY

Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are ideo rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the dis tribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come.REFERENCECulkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles. ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers. Film distribution and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted. ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world. As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes; Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that only a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movie’s income during its lifetime. The principal of these are video rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVD’s have undeniably increased film studio’s income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the distribution processes of film industries is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power; nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled â€Å"the new face of the movie industry† studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin). Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come. REFERENCE Culkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future: The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http://www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future: Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles.

Research Studies in Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Research Studies in Managment - Essay Example The effects of chronological age - defined in social terms in relation to an individual’s chosen or forced behaviour on the grounds of age – has been an issue of political, economic and social relevance since the implementation of the First Action Programme on Ageing, and culminates provisionally with the European Employment Directive. Legislation outlawing age discrimination in employment and vocational training has thus come into force by this year 2006. UK government policy aims to encourage older people to remain active within the workforce. This is in part recognition of the rise in longevity and the importance of living a healthy active contributory later life, but it is also to compensate for the potentially large take-up of pension benefits in the future. Saving throughout the life course and working later in life is also seen as a means of ensuring a satisfactory level of income in old age. Direct discrimination (less favourable treatment): Such type of discrimination is allowed at some places like, a Roman Catholic school may be able to restrict applications for a scripture teacher to baptized Catholics. Harassment (in accordance with national law/practice), victimisation, dismissal or adverse treatment as a reaction to complaints/legal proceedings, and instructions to discriminate. But if someone is bullied or victimised in the mistaken belief that he is a member of another religion, then he may also be protected under race discrimination laws. Outside the European Union, legislation against age discrimination is in place for example in the United States (Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967), Canada (legislation in the 1960s), New Zealand (1993 Human Rights Act includes age discrimination), Australia (introduced in 1991-96), and South Africa In this study, examples of age discriminatory practices in

Substandard Prenatal Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Substandard Prenatal Care - Essay Example Both Latin America and Mexico are developing nations that have a modern economy that is encompassed in a rural peasant population. Mexico and Latin America are influenced by the forces of economics, politics, and cultural traditions that contribute to a rate of pregnancy problems and infant mortality that significantly exceeds their neighbors in North America. The issue of prenatal care is an issue that has several relevant aspects. It is a woman's issue, and as such has suffered from gender bias that has pervaded the hemisphere due to the impact of religion and its view of women. As with other women's issues, such as breast cancer, funding for prenatal care is often diminished by the male dominated power structure. However, prenatal care is not merely a women's issue as it impacts males and female alike and is an integral part of a healthy family. In the 21st century, prenatal care has become an issue of basic human rights. It addresses the most fundamental units of society (the children) that are incapable of deciding or acting for themselves. Adequate prenatal care is a broad based program that not only delivers a healthy child at birth, but also addresses the needs of the pregnant woman, her nutrition, mental health, and delivery safety. It should include "Safe and clean delivery, early detection and management of sexually transmitted diseases, infections and complications during pregnancy and delivery and taking into account the physiological needs of the newborn baby" (World Health Organization 25). When these interventions are accessible, affordable, and offered to pregnant women, they can have a substantial effect on improving the health of the newborn child and mother. There has been some increased international focus on this issue as it has been recognized that "the vast majority of infant and maternal deaths and disabilities are preventable through high quality care, detection and efficient referral for complications, and access to the essential elements of obstetric care when needed" (Glei, Goldman, and Rodrigue z 3). While these initiatives are helpful, they are impeded by competing social, cultural, and economic factors. The forces that influence the delivery of adequate prenatal care have particularly impacted Latin America and Mexico, our neighbors to the South. Economics, culture, and politics have all taken a toll on this region in regards to health care. While the external influences of diet and the environment contribute to infant mortality, "maternal mortality is almost wholly attributable to a lack of-or poor quality- prenatal, delivery, and puerperal care" (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 27). These services are difficult for many women to attain due to cultural traditions that have subjugated women and an economic system that has placed prenatal care out of the reach of the masses in this region. Inequalities based on wealth are one of the biggest obstacles that women in the lower economic classes face. In Mexico, less than 10 percent of all the babies born to the lower economic classes are born in a hospital, but this number rises to 90 percent for the upper economic municipalities (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 31). Countries in Latin America have mediated this figure by mandating a goal of 80 percent of all deliveries be attended by a skilled professional,