Bibliography

Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerradais considered the most be venerated of the Spanish Governors-General ever delegate in thePhilippines(18691871). He was the deputeGovernor-Generalafter theLa Gloriosarevolution. - editGovernor General of the Philippines ACarlistarmy officer, he was sent fromSpainbyFrancisco Serranoafter the ouster ofIsabel IIas result of theLa Gloriosarevolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberallaws. 1He wanted to wealthy person the bronze statue ofIsabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. 2 He established theGuardia Civilin thePhilippinesand gave amnesty to rebels,3of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. 4He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of theGuardia Civil. He abolished flogg ing, relaxed media censorship, and began special secularization of program line. 2He was also very close to theilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal abut in front of theMalacanan Palace. 5 Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo weep was Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos .In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot ormotin, at theUniversity of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand reforms on the school and its curricula. It after announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. 6 Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had corking influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitledEl Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a adult female wrote it. 2 An differentwise is during a festivity inMalacanan Palacethat was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now definitely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place wearable a ribbon which saidViva la Libertad(English Long live libertty) andViva el Pueblo Soberano(English Long live the sovereign nation). 2 In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his garner was written. 4He was succeeded byGovernor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. - - - - - - - - - - Maximo S.genus genus Viola Maximo Sison Viola(1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda M ovement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the print ofJose Rizals novelNoli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early raising in San Miguel, Bulacan and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such asMarcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. - editFel lowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizals first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be supplant by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and esteem my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizals foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel markd Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned abou t his friends fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the posting of 1896 revolution, Viola went underground to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and afterwards in Olongapo during his imprisonment, he help Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the dwells votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecuni ous patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not harbor to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furniture, in the 1920s he proved his competency by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the declination 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw(1853-1928) was a 19th-ce ntury reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the attend of a Spanish king. - editEarly Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 inKupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographerRosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a deal of language and literature on their sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of maestro elemental at theEscuela Normal Superior de Maestrosin Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 inSan Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled Folklore Pampango was included byIsabelo de los Reyesin the landmark book El Folk-lore Filipino and exhibited at theExposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. - editInvolvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice ofBulacan, he became a director of aMalolosschool. It was at this prison term that he joined activi ely in civic causes. together withMarcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Joseto give scholarships to indigent children. together withAmbrosio R. Bautista,Deodato Arellano,Marcelo H. del PilarandDoroteo Cortes, he helped form aComite de Propagandato extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored withRafael EnriquezandMarcelo H. el Pilarother satirical works, such asDasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication ofLa Solidaridad, even whenMarcelo H. del Pilarleft Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became Ki ngAlfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the profit of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog languageDiccionario Hispano-Tagalogto much notice. He issued the follow-up volume Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano in 1914. - editMasonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited intoFreemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucionin Barcelona, Spain withGraciano Lopez Jaena,Jose Rizal,Mariano Ponce,Marcelo H.Del Pilar,Jose Alejandrino,Antonio LunaandJuan Luna. This lodge was later re named toSolidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmasterMiguel Moraytaof the SpanishGran Oriente Espanoldesignated Pedro Serrano Laktaw andAntonio Lunato establishFreemasonryin the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruitMoises SalvadorandJose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the fir st all-Filipino lodge calledNilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by theGran Oriente Espanolthe following year, withJose A. Ramosdesignated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name wasPanday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-GeneralRamon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the brass on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote forEspana OrientalandRevista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of thePhilippine Revolutionhe resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles forEl Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such asAng Bayan,Ang Kapatid ng BayanandKalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and syntactician when he pulishedDiccionario Tagalog-Hispanoin 1914. Together with his earlier volumeDiccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.HisEstudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalogwas published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along withJose RizalandTrinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried inMandaluyong, Rizal.BibliographyCarlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerradais considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in thePhilippines(18691871). He was the assignedGovernor-Generalafter theLa Gloriosarevolution. - editGovernor General of the Philippines ACarlistarmy officer, he was sent fromSpainbyFrancisco Serranoafter the ouster ofI sabel IIas result of theLa Gloriosarevolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberallaws. 1He wanted to have the bronze statue ofIsabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. 2 He established theGuardia Civilin thePhilippinesand gave amnesty to rebels,3of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. 4He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of theGuardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began bound secularization of education. 2He was also very close to theilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal arrangement in front of theMalacanan Palace. 5 Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-G eneral, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo war cry was Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos .In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot ormotin, at theUniversity of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand reforms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. 6 Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had great(p) influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitledEl Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a charr wrote it. 2 Another is during a festivity inMalacanan Palacethat was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now def initely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place exhausting a ribbon which saidViva la Libertad(English Long live libertty) andViva el Pueblo Soberano(English Long live the sovereign nation). 2 In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his garner was written. 4He was succeeded byGovernor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. - - - - - - - - - - Maximo S.Viola Maximo Sison Viola(1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda Movement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the publish ofJose Rizals novelNoli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early education in San Miguel, Bula can and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such asMarcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. - editFellowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizals first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be repeal by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and prise my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizals foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel named Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about his friends fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the vertex of 1896 revolution, Viola went underground to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and later in Olongapo du ring his imprisonment, he helper Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the populates votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecunious patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furniture, in the 1920s he proved his competence by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the declination 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw(1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. - editEarly Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 inKupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographerRosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on the ir sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of maestro elemental at theEscuela Normal Superior de Maestrosin Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 inSan Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled Folklore Pampango was included byIsabelo de los Reyesin the landmark book El Folk-lore Filipino and exhibited at theExposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. - editInvolvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice ofBulacan, he became a director of aMalolosschool. It was at this age that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together withMarcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Joseto give scholarships to indigent children. Together withAmbrosio R. Bautista,Deodato Arellano,Marcelo H. del PilarandDoroteo Cortes, he helped form aComite de Propagandato extol democratic principles and expose f riar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored withRafael EnriquezandMarcelo H. el Pilarother satirical works, such asDasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication ofLa Solidaridad, even whenMarcelo H. del Pilarleft Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became KingAlfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog languageDiccionario Hispano-Tagalogto much notice. He issued the follow-up volume Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano in 1914. - editMasonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited in toFreemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucionin Barcelona, Spain withGraciano Lopez Jaena,Jose Rizal,Mariano Ponce,Marcelo H.Del Pilar,Jose Alejandrino,Antonio LunaandJuan Luna. This lodge was later renamed toSolidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmasterMiguel Moraytaof the SpanishGran Oriente Espanoldesignated Pedro Serrano Laktaw andAntonio Lunato establishFreemasonryin the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruitMoises SalvadorandJose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge calledNilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by theGran Oriente Espanolthe following year, withJose A. Ramosdesignated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name wasPanday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governo r-GeneralRamon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the fundamental law on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote forEspana OrientalandRevista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of thePhilippine Revolutionhe resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles forEl Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such asAng Bayan,Ang Kapatid ng BayanandKalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulishedDiccionario Tagalog-Hispanoin 1914. Together with his earlier volumeDiccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.HisEstudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalogwas published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along withJose RizalandTrinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried inMandaluyong, Rizal.